Translation and analysis of words by ChatGPT artificial intelligence
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What (who) is J R R Tolkien's influences - definition
![20 [[Northmoor Road]], one of Tolkien's former homes in [[Oxford]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/20 Northmoor Road, Oxford.JPG?width=200 "20 [[Northmoor Road]], one of Tolkien's former homes in [[Oxford]]")
![2 Darnley Road, the former home of Tolkien in West Park, [[Leeds]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2 Darnley Road, the former home of J.R.R. Tolkien in West Park, Leeds.jpg?width=200 "2 Darnley Road, the former home of Tolkien in West Park, [[Leeds]]")
![[[Birmingham Oratory]], where Tolkien was a parishioner and altar boy (1902–1911)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BirminghamOratoryDome.jpg?width=200 "[[Birmingham Oratory]], where Tolkien was a parishioner and altar boy (1902–1911)")
![The Corner of [[the Eagle and Child]] Pub, Oxford, where the [[Inklings]] met (1930–1950)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eagle and Child (interior).jpg?width=200 "The Corner of [[the Eagle and Child]] Pub, Oxford, where the [[Inklings]] met (1930–1950)")
![Bust of Tolkien in the chapel of [[Exeter College, Oxford]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Oxford Tolkien.JPG?width=200 "Bust of Tolkien in the chapel of [[Exeter College, Oxford]]")
![Latin]] script](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Quenya Example.svg?width=200 "Latin]] script")
![[[Sarehole Mill]]'s blue plaque](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tolkien's Sarehole Mill blue plaque-persp.jpg?width=200 "[[Sarehole Mill]]'s blue plaque")
![The grave of J. R. R. and [[Edith Tolkien]], [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], [[Oxford]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tolkien's grave, Wolvercote Cemetery.jpg?width=200 "The grave of J. R. R. and [[Edith Tolkien]], [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], [[Oxford]]")
![[[Merton College]], where Tolkien was Professor of English Language and Literature (1945–1959)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/UK-2014-Oxford-Merton College 05.JPG?width=200 "[[Merton College]], where Tolkien was Professor of English Language and Literature (1945–1959)")
![Tolkien wrote that he thought of [[Gandalf]] as an "Odinic Wanderer".<ref name="Letters_#181"/> ''[[Odin]], the wanderer'' by [[Georg von Rosen]], 1886](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Georg von Rosen - Oden som vandringsman, 1886 (Odin, the Wanderer).jpg?width=200 "Tolkien wrote that he thought of [[Gandalf]] as an \"Odinic Wanderer\".<ref name=\"Letters_#181\"/> ''[[Odin]], the wanderer'' by [[Georg von Rosen]], 1886")
![Western Front in the First World War]] influenced his account of the landscape around [[Mordor]].<ref name="Ciabattari BBC 2014"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lancashire Fusiliers trench Beaumont Hamel 1916.jpg?width=200 "Western Front in the First World War]] influenced his account of the landscape around [[Mordor]].<ref name=\"Ciabattari BBC 2014\"/>")
![smith]] who contributed to Moria's construction.<ref name="Anger 2013"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Roman Temple - geograph.org.uk - 1318760.jpg?width=200 "smith]] who contributed to Moria's construction.<ref name=\"Anger 2013\"/>")
![Tolkien may have made use of the Finnish epic poem ''[[Kalevala]]'' for some Middle-earth characters.<ref name="Gay 2004"/> Painting: ''[[The Defense of the Sampo]]'', an adaptation of a scene from ''Kalevala'', by [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]], 1896](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sammon puolustus.jpg?width=200 "Tolkien may have made use of the Finnish epic poem ''[[Kalevala]]'' for some Middle-earth characters.<ref name=\"Gay 2004\"/> Painting: ''[[The Defense of the Sampo]]'', an adaptation of a scene from ''Kalevala'', by [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]], 1896")
![[[William Morris]]'s ''[[Sigurd the Volsung]]'' told (in this extract from page 389) of Dwarf-Rings and swords carried by dead kings. Tolkien read it as a student.<ref name="Carpenter p77"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sigurd the Volsung p389 detail.jpg?width=200 "[[William Morris]]'s ''[[Sigurd the Volsung]]'' told (in this extract from page 389) of Dwarf-Rings and swords carried by dead kings. Tolkien read it as a student.<ref name=\"Carpenter p77\"/>")
![Calibri, included with [[Windows]] Vista and newer, also has an r rotunda.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Calibri r rotunda.svg?width=200 "Calibri, included with [[Windows]] Vista and newer, also has an r rotunda.")
![Example of ''etc.'' typeset with ''r rotunda'' in a [[Fraktur]] typeface](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Et cetera r rotunda.svg?width=200 "Example of ''etc.'' typeset with ''r rotunda'' in a [[Fraktur]] typeface")
![Geneva]], included with [[MacOS]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Geneva r rotunda.png?width=200 "Geneva]], included with [[MacOS]].")
![early printing]], from a page printed by [[Pablo Hurus]] in 1496 in Zaragoza, Spain. The sample includes the types for ''r rotunda'' (marked red), ordinary ''r'' (marked green), and Tironian ''et'' (marked blue).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pablo-Hurus-Zaragoza-1496-annotated.png?width=200 "early printing]], from a page printed by [[Pablo Hurus]] in 1496 in Zaragoza, Spain. The sample includes the types for ''r rotunda'' (marked red), ordinary ''r'' (marked green), and Tironian ''et'' (marked blue).")
![fonts]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/R rotunda in different fonts.svg?width=200 "fonts]]")
Wikipedia
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (, ROOL TOL-keen; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and a Fellow of Pembroke College, both at the University of Oxford. He then moved within the same university to become the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, and held these positions from 1945 until his retirement in 1959. Tolkien was a close friend of C. S. Lewis, a co-member of the informal literary discussion group The Inklings. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.
After Tolkien's death, his son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda and, within it, Middle-earth. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings.
While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused him to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy.
